Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da lactulose (0.03 mL kg-1) sobre a saúde intestinal e o ganho de peso de perus submetidos à inoculação de Salmonella sorovar (vs.) Enteritidis (SE). Um total de 280 perus, com um dia de idade, foram distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: T1, controle negativo; T2, grupo que recebeu apenas lactulose; T3, grupo submetido à inoculação de aproximadamente 7,0x105 UFC mL-1 de SE; e T4, grupo submetido à inoculação de aproximadamente 7,0x105 UFC mL-1 de SE e tratado com lactulose. O desempenho das aves foi avaliado semanalmente, e sete perus por tratamento foram submetidos à eutanásia, para a coleta de fragmentos do duodeno e do jejuno para a análise histomorfométrica. Observou-se menor ganho de peso no grupo que recebeu apenas o patógeno, e o melhor desempenho, no grupo tratado com lactulose. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou maior relação vilos: criptas nas amostras de duodeno e jejuno do controle negativo, e dos grupos de perus, aos 7 e aos 21 dias de idade, tratados com dieta suplementada com lactulose. A lactulose proporciona melhor desenvolvimento intestinal de perus até os 42 dias de vida, mas não interfere no desempenho dessas aves.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of lactulose (0.03 mL kg-1) on the intestinal health and weight gain of turkeys subjected to the inoculation of Salmonella serovar (sv.) Enteritidis (SE). A total of 280 turkeys, with one day of age, were distributed in the following treatments: T1, negative control; T2, group that received only lactulose; T3, group subjected to the inoculation of approximately 7.0x105 CFU mL-1 SE; and T4, group subjected to the inoculation of approximately 7.0x105 CFU mL-1 SE and treated with lactulose. Poultry performance was evaluated weekly, and seven turkeys from each treatment were euthanized to collect duodenum and jejunum fragments for the histomorphometric analysis. A lower weight gain was observed in the group that received only the pathogen, and the best performance was observed in the lactulose-treated group. The histomorphometric analysis showed a higher villus:crypts ratio in the duodenum and jejunum samples of the negative control and of the group of turkeys at 7 and 21 days of age treated with the lactulose-supplemented diet. Lactulose allows of a better intestinal development of turkeys until 42 days of age, but it does not interfere with poultry performance.

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da sanitização e da temperatura de armazenamento sobre a qualidade bacteriológica de ovos contaminados experimentalmente com Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Foram utilizados 240 ovos brancos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (lavados ou não e refrigerados ou não). Os ovos foram sanitizados com água quente contendo clorhexidina 20% e teor ativo 8% de cloro. Após a sanitização, foram contaminados com 1,5 x 10(5) unidades formadoras de colônia (UFCs) de Pseudomonas aeruginosa/mL de solução e armazenados a 5 ºC ou 25 ºC por 30 dias. A cada dez dias foram realizadas análises bacteriológicas e contagens de Pseudomonas aeruginosa na casca e conteúdo. Foi realizada análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi isolada da casca e do conteúdo em todos os ovos, independentemente dos tratamentos. No entanto, quando os ovos foram sanitizados e armazenados a 5 ºC apresentaram menor contagem bacteriana na casca e no conteúdo. Houve alta correlação entre Pseudomonas aeruginosa presente na casca com a presença no conteúdo do ovo quando os ovos não foram sanitizados e resfriados. Concluiu-se que para reduzir o crescimento bacteriano de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, os ovos devem ser sanitizados e mantidos a 5 ºC durante o armazenamento de 30 dias.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sanitization and storage temperature on the quality of commercial eggs inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We used 240 large eggs, without cracks, from Dekalb White laying hens at 30 to 40 weeks of age. The experimental design used was two blocks in a 2 x 2 factorial arrange (washed/non-washed and refrigerated/non-refrigerated) with twelve replicates. The eggs were contaminated by handling, with 1.5 x 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and stored at 5 ºC and 25 ºC for 30 days. Each ten days the eggshell and contents were submitted to bacteriological analyses. Variance analyses were performed and the data were compared by Tukey test. The results showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the shells and contents of all eggs. Therefore, when the eggs were sanitized and stored at 5 ºC the contamination was less intense. The correlation between the presences of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the shell and contents was high, when the eggs were not sanitized nor refrigerated. The conclusion of this study was that the egg must be sanitized and refrigerated when the stored for more than 30 days.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da lactulose na saúde gastrointestinal de frangos de corte pela aferição do pH e enumeração de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFCs) de Salmonella Typhimurium e Escherichia coli no inglúvio e ceco de aves inoculadas experimentalmente, via oral, na dose de 5,0 X 102 UFC /0,5mL com Salmonella Typhimurium. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se 630 pintos, machos, os quais foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos, com sete repetições e 15 aves por unidade experimental. O tratamento 1: grupo controle (placebo); tratamento 2: grupo que recebeu somente a lactulose na água; tratamento 3: grupo que recebeu somente Salmonella Typhimurium; tratamento 4: grupo que recebeu a lactulose e Salmonella Typhimurium simultaneamente no primeiro dia de vida [L (1d) + ST (1d)]; tratamento 5: grupo que recebeu a lactulose 48 horas antes de serem inoculadas com Salmonella Typhimurium [L (1d) + ST (48h)] e tratamento 6: grupo que foi inoculado com Salmonella Typhimurium no primeiro dia e 48 horas depois receberam a lactulose [ST (1d) + L (48h)]. Aos dias sete, 14, 21 e 28 uma ave por parcela foi sacrificada e os conteúdos do inglúvio e do ceco foram coletados para a aferição do pH e contagem de Salmonella Typhimurium e Escherichia coli. Constatou-se que a lactulose determinou redução nos valores (P<0,05) de pH nos conteúdos do trato digestório aos sete dias de vida, e esta redução se manteve até 28 dias somente para o inglúvio nos tratamentos que receberam a lactulose, independente do período de inoculação do patógeno. Verificou-se, também, que a lactulose reduziu (P<0,05) as UFCs de Escherichia coli e de Salmonella Typhimurium no inglúvio aos 21 e 28 dias de vida nos tratamentos em que se administrou a lactulose antes do patógeno. Pode-se concluir que a lactulose altera os valores de pH do inglúvio e reduza colonização de Salmonella Typhimurium no ceco e as UFCs de Escherichia coli no inglúvio em todo o período experimental.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of lactulose on the intestinal lumen by measuring the pH content of the gastrointestinal tract, and couting the colony forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium in broilers experimentally and orally inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium, at the dose of 5.0 X 102 CFU / mL 0.5. Birds were allotted in a completely randomized design, with 630 day-old male chicks distributed into six treatments, with seven replications and 15 birds per experimental unit. Treatment 1: group that did not receive microbial inoculum or lactulose (placebo group); treatment 2: group that received only lactulose (lactulose-L control group); treatment 3: group that received only Salmonella Typhimurium (ST-positive control group); treatment 4: group that received lactulose and Salmonella Typhimurium on the first day of life (L (1) + ST (1)); treatment 5: group that received lactulose 48 hours before the Salmonella Typhimurium (L (1) + ST (48h)); and treatment 6: group that received the Salmonella Typhimurium 48h before lactulose (ST (1) + L (48h)). At seven, 14, 21 and 28 days of age, one bird per plot was euthanized and cecum and crop contents were collected for counting of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, pH of crop and cecum were measured on for the same birds at seven, 14, 21 and 28 days of age, and blood was collected for liver enzyme evaluation. Lactulose reduced pH value (P<0.05) of digestive organs at seven days of life, and this reduction remained until 28 days only in the crop, regardless of the pathogen inoculation, whereas the cecal pH at 21 and 28 days, did not differ among the other treatments (P> 0.05). We also verified that lactulose reduced (P <0.05) the CFU of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium in the crop at 21 and 28 days of age in the treatments in which lactulose was administered before the pathogen inoculation. Lactulose changed pH, except cecal pH, and reduced the colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in the cecum and the number of UFCs of Escherichia coli in the crop during all experimental period.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of lactulose on performance as well as its ability to prevent colonization by Salmonella Typhimurium in broilers orally inoculated with this pathogen. The design adopted was completely randomized, with 630 one-day-old male chicks distributed into six treatments, with seven replications and 15 birds per experimental unit. The treatments comprised the following procedures: T1 (control group) - no S. Typhimurium inoculation or supply of lactulosis; T2 - only inoculation of S. Typhimurium; T3 - only lactulosis supply; T4 supply of lactulosis and S. Typhimurium inoculation on the first day of life; T5 - supply of lactulosis 48 hours before S. Typhimurium inoculation; and T6 - supply of lactulosis 48 hours after inoculation of S. Typhimurium. Performance variables were evaluated on the seventh, 14th, 21st and 28th days of age; fragments of the duodenum and jejunum were collected and sent to histomorphometric assessment at 14 days of age, and S. Typhimurium excretion was verified in cloacal swabs on the 10th, 24th and 35th days of age. Performance data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%) and fecal excretion data were assessed by non-parametric chi-square test. Better weight gain and feed conversion were observed in groups fed lactulosis with or without challenge of S. Typhimurium up to 21 days of age. Reduced duodenum villous height was verified on the 14th day in groups challenged with the pathogen. Reduction of S. Typhimurium fecal excretion was verified in broilers fed lactulosis from the first day of life on and 48 hours before receiving S. Typhimurium directly into the crop. Lactulosis increases broiler performance up to one week after its inoculation, influences duodenum villous height and reduces the fecal excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium.